Workaholism and burnout among stricto sensu graduate professors / Workaholism e burnout entre docentes de pós-graduação stricto sensu

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To analyze the association of excessive work and compulsive work with the dimensions of the burnout syndrome in masters and doctoral professors of Languages, Literature, and Linguistics in Brazil. METHODS Cross-sectional study carried out with 585 permanent professors of stricto sensu graduate studies in Languages, Literature, and Linguistics in Brazil. Data collection took place between February and August 2019, by an online questionnaire. The outcomes of this study were the compulsive work and excessive work dimensions of the Dutch Work Addiction Scale, the Maslach Burnout Inventory TM dimensions and their associated factors, identified by multiple logistic regression models. RESULTS Professors with a high level of excessive work (29.40%) had 2.75 times the chance of high emotional exhaustion and 2.08 times the chance of high depersonalization. Regarding professors with a high level of compulsive work (8.03%), they had 4.88 times the chance of high emotional exhaustion and 2.97 times the chance of high depersonalization. No association of excessive work and compulsive work with low professional fulfillment was identified. CONCLUSION The results showed a statistically significant association of excessive work and compulsive work with high emotional exhaustion and high depersonalization, allowing managers and professors to reflect the criteria that guide their work processes, to adopt management models, institutional regulatory policies, and strategies to improve the working conditions and health of professors.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Analisar a associação entre trabalho excessivo e trabalho compulsivo com as dimensões da síndrome de burnout em docentes de mestrado e doutorado em Letras e Linguística do Brasil. MÉTODOS Estudo transversal realizado com 585 docentes permanentes de pós-graduação stricto sensu em Letras e Linguística do Brasil. A obtenção dos dados ocorreu entre fevereiro e agosto de 2019, por meio de um questionário online. Os desfechos deste estudo foram as dimensões trabalho compulsivo e trabalho excessivo da escala Dutch Work Addiction Scale, as dimensões da Maslach Burnout Inventory TM e seus fatores associados, identificados por modelos múltiplos de regressão logística. RESULTADOS Docentes com alto nível de trabalho excessivo (29,40%) apresentaram 2,75 vezes a chance de exaustão emocional alta e 2,08 vezes a chance de despersonalização alta. Quanto aos docentes com alto nível de trabalho compulsivo (8,03%), apresentaram 4,88 vezes a chance de exaustão emocional alta e 2,97 vezes a chance de despersonalização alta. Não foi identificado associação entre trabalho excessivo e trabalho compulsivo com a baixa realização profissional. CONCLUSÃO Os resultados mostraram que existe uma associação estatisticamente significativa entre trabalho excessivo e trabalho compulsivo com exaustão emocional alta e despersonalização alta, possibilitando aos gestores e docentes refletirem os critérios que norteiam seus processos laborais, a fim de adotarem modelos de gestão, políticas reguladoras institucionais e estratégias adequadas para melhorar as condições de trabalho e saúde dos docentes.

Prevalencia de síndrome de burnout en anestesiología y cirugía ortopédica en un centro en Chile / Burnout prevalence in anesthesiology and orthopedic surgery in a center in Chile

Resumen Objetivo: Evaluar el agotamiento emocional o cansancio emocional, realización personal y despersonalización en el quehacer de los médicos del Servicio de Traumatología y Pabellón Central del Hospital Hernán Henríquez Aravena (HHHA) y Departamento de Cirugía de la Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile. Materiales y Método: Corte transversal. 48 sujetos: 10 residentes de traumatología y 8 de anestesiología, 12 anestesiólogos y 18 traumatólogos académicos asistenciales. Se aplicó bajo consentimiento informado: Inventario de Maslash (MBI). Análisis: tendencia central, porcentaje, así como t de student y coeficientes de alfa de Cronbach. Resultados: La prevalencia global del síndrome de burnout es 97%, por dimensiones, cansancio emocional mostró una prevalencia del 100%; baja realización personal en el trabajo 100% y despersonalización 91,6%. Para traumatología: cansancio emocional mostró prevalencia 100%; baja realización personal en el trabajo 100%, y despersonalización 82%. Para anestesiología: cansancio emocional mostró prevalencia 75%; baja realización personal en el trabajo 30% y despersonalización 30%. Existen diferencias significativas en cansancio emocional siendo mayor en género femenino y en quienes duermen menos de 7 h. El coeficiente de alpha de Cronbach del MBI fue de 0,7. Conclusión: Tanto residentes como académicos asistenciales de traumatología y anestesiología mostraron un elevado cansancio emocional que coexiste con una baja realización personal en el trabajo y alta despersonalización. En Chile, las políticas de protección están principalmente enfocadas en la Seguridad y Salud Ocupacional con la gestión de los riesgos, pero no se observan políticas de protección al estrés y salud mental que involucren contención y apoyo a la labor terapéutica de los profesionales de la medicina.

Aim: To assess levels of burnout, including emotional exhaustion, personal accomplishment and depersonalization, in the daily work of academic doctors in the Orthopedic Surgery Service and Central Surgery Service of the Hospital Hernán Henríquez Aravena (HHHA) and Surgery Department in the Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile. Materials and Method: Cross-sectional study. 48 subjects participated: 10 residents in orthopedic surgery, 8 residents in anesthesiology, 12 academic anesthesiologists and 18 academic orthopedic surgeons. Instruments applied under informed consent: Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI). Analysis: Measures of central tendency and percentage, independent sample t-tests. Cronbach's alpha coefficients of the MBI. Results: The overall prevalence of burnout syndrome is 97%, whereas by dimensions, emotional exhaustion showed a prevalence of 100%, low personal accomplishment at work 100% and depersonalization 91.6%. For orthopedic surgery by dimensions: emotional exhaustion showed a prevalence of 100%, low personal accomplishment at work 100% and depersonalization 82%. For anesthesiology: emotional exhaustion showed a prevalence of 75%, low personal accomplishment at work 30% and depersonalization 30%. Only gender and hours of sleep showed significant differences in emotional exhaustion, with higher scores for women and those who slept less than 7 hours. 0.7 Cronbach's alpha of the MBI. Conclusión: There is excessive emotional fatigue, low job felt accomplishment and depersonalization in orthopedic surgery residents and academic. In anesthesiology, emotional high exhaustion coexists with low personal accomplishment values and depersonalization high. In Chile, protection policies are mainly focused on Occupational Safety and Health with risk management, but there are no stress protection and mental health policies involving containment and support for the therapeutic work of medical professionals.

Síndrome de burnout durante a residência médica / Burnout syndrome during medical residency

No presente artigo, a Comissão Nacional Especializada em Residência Médica da Febrasgo traz à tona elementos essenciais para conhecer, reconhecer e prevenir a síndrome de burnout em médicos-residentes de ginecologia-obstetrícia. (AU)

Síndrome de Burnout em gerentes da Estratégia de Saúde da Família / Burnout Syndrome in Family Health Strategy Managers

Resumo Este artigo analisou a Síndrome de Burnout (SB) entre os gerentes da Estratégia de Saúde da Família (ESF) no Município do Rio de Janeiro e suas associações entre os fatores que influenciam a presença/ausência da SB nesses profissionais. Com natureza descritiva, ele utilizou um questionário, composto de duas partes: 1) perfil do gerente e fatores que possam influenciar a presença de Burnout; 2) Inventário Maslach Burnout Inventory. A taxa percentual de retorno foi de 63,5% (143) dos 225 enviados. Os gerentes da ESF são em geral, enfermeiros (68,6%), jovens (74,5% até 39 anos), do sexo feminino (76,9%) e que atuam na gerência há menos de 5 anos (85,2%). A presença da SB foi identificada em 11,2% dos gerentes. Os fatores de natureza organizacional foram os que obtiveram maior número de variáveis com associação. Esses dados apontam para necessidade de realização de mudanças nas práticas organizativas de serviços e de mudanças nos processos de trabalho. A realização de outros estudos, que aprofundem estas questões, pode contribuir neste sentido.

Abstract This paper analyzed the Burnout Syndrome (BS) among the managers of the Family Health Strategy (ESF) in the city of Rio de Janeiro and its associations with factors that influence the presence/absence of BS among these professionals. This is a descriptive study that used data from a questionnaire consisting of two parts: 1) manager profile and factors that could influence the presence of Burnout; 2) Maslach Burnout Inventory. The return rate was 63.5% (143) of the 225 questionnaires sent. The ESF managers are generally nurses (68.6%), young (63.6% under 39 years) female (76.9%), who have acted as managers for less than 5 years (85.2%). A BS presence was identified in 11.2% of the managers. The factors of an organizational nature were those that obtained the highest number of variables with an association. These data point to the need to make changes in the organizational practices of services and changes in work processes. Further studies on these issues can contribute to this.

Implicações do ambiente, condições e organização do trabalho na saúde do professor: uma revisão sistemática / Implications of the environment, conditions and organization of work on teacher health: a systematic review

Resumo O estado da saúde do professor é fundamental para o êxito do processo de ensino. Além dos aspectos intrínsecos, o contexto escolar afeta o bem-estar do educador. O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar os principais fatores psicossociais, estruturais e relacionais na profissão docente. Uma revisão sistemática da literatura, com o uso de pesquisa eletrônica em oito bases de dados, identificou 2.479 artigos sobre o tema, publicados entre 1997 e 2016. Adotaram-se parâmetros métricos e subjetivos para a seleção nesse portfolio e, ao todo, 32 publicações restaram elegíveis para análise, das quais 29 foram publicadas na língua inglesa. Transcorrida a caracterização bibliométrica e de conteúdo do portfolio final, os trabalhos apontaram, como principais resultados de desgaste, os transtornos psicossomáticos, com ênfase para o estresse e a Síndrome de Burnout, além dos distúrbios da voz. A carga de trabalho, as relações interpessoais e as condições do ambiente escolar são destacadas como os maiores agentes dessas enfermidades. Mudanças e adequações de salas de aula, ações de prevenção e suporte social são apontadas como possíveis soluções para garantir a qualidade de vida desses profissionais.

Abstract The state of health of the teacher is fundamental to the success of the teaching process. In addition to the intrinsic aspects, the scholastic context affects the well-being of the educator. The objective of this study was to identify the main psychosocial, structural and relational factors in the teaching profession. A systematic review of the literature, with the use of electronic research in eight databases, identified 2,479 articles on the topic published between 1997 and 2016. Metric and subjective parameters were adopted for selection in this portfolio and, in all, 32 publications were eligible for analysis, of which 29 were published in English. After the bibliometric and content characterization of the final portfolio, the main results of strain were psychosomatic disorders, with an emphasis on stress and the Burnout Syndrome, as well as voice disturbances. Workload, interpersonal relations and conditions of the scholastic environment are highlighted as the major agents of these conditions. Changes and adaptations in classrooms, actions of prevention and social support are pointed out as possible solutions to guarantee the quality of life of these professionals.

Síndrome de desgaste profesional, índice de masa corporal y otros factores asociados con la labor de profesores de educación física de Ibagué, Colombia / Burnout syndrome, body mass index and other factors related to the practice of physical education teachers in Ibagué, Colombia

Resumen Introducción. El síndrome de desgaste profesional en profesores ha ido en aumento durante las últimas décadas y ha suscitado interés por su estudio. Objetivo. Determinar los grados del síndrome de desgaste profesional y su asociación con otros factores de los profesores de educación física de las instituciones educativas del municipio de Ibagué. Materiales y métodos. Se hizo un estudio descriptivo y transversal de 111 docentes de educación física de los colegios de Ibagué, con edades entre los 26 y los 65 años. Las variables sociodemográficas incluyeron el sexo y la edad, y se analizaron las variables propias del síndrome. La información se recolectó utilizando la versión para profesionales de la educación del 'Cuestionario para la evaluación del síndrome de quemarse (sic) con el trabajo' (CESQT-PE). Resultados. Los profesores de educación física presentaron niveles bajos del síndrome; 22 docentes (19,8 %) presentaron niveles elevados y de estos, 15 respondían al perfil 1 (síndrome sin sentimientos de culpa) y siete al perfil 2 (síndrome con sentimientos de culpa). En los hombres la prevalencia del síndrome fue mayor, en tanto que en las mujeres las cifras fueron mayores en las dimensiones de desgaste físico y emocional, indolencia y sentimientos de culpa. Conclusiones. Es necesario diseñar e implementar programas de formación orientados a explicar qué es el síndrome de desgaste profesional, cómo y por qué aparece, cómo evoluciona y cuáles son sus síntomas, así como estrategias de prevención e intervención individual que incluyan técnicas de relajación física y de control respiratorio.

Abstract Introduction: The burnout syndrome in teachers has been increasing during the last decades, which explains its becoming a very important study area. Objective: To determine the levels of the burnout syndrome and its relation with other factors among the physical education teachers in some schools of Ibagué. Materials and methods: We conducted a cross-descriptive correlational study among 111 physical education teachers from Ibagué with ages ranging from 26 to 65 years. We included gender and age as the sociodemographic variables, as well as the burnout syndrome-related variables. For data collection, we used a questionnaire in Spanish for the evaluation of the burnout syndrome specifically among teaching professionals. Results: The physical education teachers interviewed had low levels of burnout syndrome; 22 teachers (19.8%) had high levels and 15 of these responded to profile 1 (burnout syndrome without feelings of guilt) and 7 to profile 2 (burnout syndrome with feelings of guilt). Burnout syndrome prevalence was higher in men while in women the prevalence of physical and emotional exhaustion, indolence and negative attitudes, and feelings of guilt was higher. Conclusions: It is necessary to design and implement training programs aimed at explaining what burnout syndrome is, how and why it appears, its progress and symptoms, as well as strategies of individual prevention and intervention such as physical relaxation and respiratory control techniques.

Burnout en la formación de profesionales de la salud en Chile: factores de protección y riesgo, y propuestas de abordaje desde la perspectiva de los educadores / Burnout in students of health-care professions: risk and protection factors

Background: The burnout syndrome affects more than half of students and professionals involved in healthcare worldwide and is characterized by emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and a low perception of self-efficacy. Several studies indicate that when students are burnt-out, clinical work, professionalism and ethical behavior, as well as empathy, are negatively affected, while the risk of academic attrition, depression and suicidal ideation tend to increase. At a national level, recent information shows that one out of every two medical students suffer burnout at the beginning of the clinical cycle, a situation that does not improve after finishing undergraduate medical training. There is no consensus on which are the most appropriate strategies to face the problem of burnout in students and health-care professionals. Some studies indicate that the experience of medical and health educators may be key to the design of effective strategies to address this problem. Aim: To identify the burnout risk and protection factors of students at different medical schools. Material and Methods: In this study -in which 34 expert health educators from eight Chilean medical schools and other health-related schools participated- we used a qualitative methodology based on the appreciative inquiry to explore the key elements associated with the occurrence of burnout, identify protective and risk factors, as well as discuss possible effective interventions to prevent it. Results: There are personal, academic and contextual elements that act as protective or risk factors of burnout. In addition, the educators identified key elements to design organizational and curricular interventions to face the problem of burnout at a local level. Conclusions: Burnout is a serious problem in the formation of health care professionals. Teacher training aimed at promoting student'well-being must include the teaching of communication skills that consider both the generation gap and the profile of the professional medical schools intend to form.

¿Cuál es la relación entre el síndrome de burnout, el sentido de la vida y el proyecto de vida laboral en los médicos residentes?: una perspectiva logoterapéutica / What is the relationship between burnout syndrome, the meaning of life and the project of working life in resident physicians ?: a logotherapeutic perspective

Introducción: el síndrome de burnout (BO) suele afectar a médicos residentes, debido al estrés laboral crónico. Desde un marco logoterapéutico, la pérdida de un sentido de la vida (SV) es el denominador más común de todas las formas de perturbación emocional, y el BO podría enmarcarse dentro de un proyecto de vida laboral (PVL) con enrolamiento enajenante. El objetivo principal del trabajo es evaluar la relación entre el BO, el SV y el PVL, en los programas de residencia del Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires. Población y métodos: se evaluaron residentes de 6 programas de residencia del Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, a través de un cuestionario. El BO se midió con el "Maslach Burnout Inventory" (MBI). El SV se midió con el "Purpose in Life Test" (PIL Test). El PVL se midió con la Escala de PVL de la Dra. Isabel Pérez Jáuregui. Resultados: participaron 104 residentes. El 28,8% de los evaluados mostraron BO, el 18,3% falta de SV y el 30,8% un PVL inauténtico con sobreadaptación. Tanto la falta de SV como el PVL inauténtico con sobreadaptación se asociaron en forma estadísticamente significativa con BO (p < 0,01), y la presencia de cualquiera de estas alteraciones aumentó en casi 18 veces (odds ratio [OR] crudo) la probabilidad de presentar el síndrome. Los OR ajustados de falta de SV (6,28) y PVL inauténtico (9,57) para la presencia de BO continuaron siendo estadísticamente significativos. Por último, en esta investigación pudimos determinar que las subescalas del MBI agotamiento y despersonalización se correlacionaron negativamente con el PIL Test (r=-0,41 y r=-0,53, respectivamente) y la Escala de PVL (r=-0,45 y r=-0,42, respectivamente), mientras que la subescala de realización se correlacionó positivamente en forma significativa con estas dos últimas (r=0,63 y r=0,61, respectivamente). Conclusiones: se encontró una relación estadísticamente significativa entre BO, falta de SV y PVL inauténtico, en la residencia. (AU)

Introduction: The Burnout Syndrome (BO) usually affects medical residents because they are exposed to chronic labour stress. From a logotherapeutic view, the loss of meaning and purpose in life (ML) is the common denominator of all types of emotional distress, and the BO could belong to an altered labour life project (LLP) with overadaptation. The objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship between the BO, the ML, and the LLP, in residency programs at a university hospital. Population and methods: residents from six programs at Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires were evaluated. The BO was measured with the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI). The ML was measured with the Purpose in Life Test (Pil Test). The LLP was measured with the LLP Scale created by Doctor Isabel Pérez Jáuregui. Results: one hundred and four residents participated. Out of the evaluated residentes, 28.8% showed BO. The loss of ML was observed in 18.3%, and an altered LLP with overadaptation affected the 30.8% of the sample. Loss of ML and altered LLP with overadaptation were associated in a statistically significant way with BO (p<0.01), and the presence of any of this alterations increased the odds ratio almost 18 times to suffer BO. The adjusted odds ratio of loss of ML (6.28) and altered LLP (9.57) to suffer BO, were also statistically significant. Finally, a negative correlation was observed between exhaustion and despersonalization (MBI) and the Pil Test (r=-0.41 and r=-0.53, respectively) and the LLP Scale (r=-0.45 and r=-0.42, respectively), while a positive significant correlation was observed between the personal accomplishment (MBI) and the Pil Test and LLP Scale (r=0.63 and r=0.61, respectively). Conclusions: in the residency, we found a statistically significant relationship between BO, loss of ML and altered LLP. (AU)

Factores asociados al burnout académico en estudiantes de internado profesional de fonoaudiologia / Associated factors with academic burnout in intern students of speech language pathology

Resumen: Los estudiantes que cursan el internado profesional de fonoaudiologia experimentan situaciones de estrés y agotamiento propias de esta acti vidad, pudiendo presentar burnout académico (BA), ya que el contacto con usuarios reales, la exigencia académica y las acciones propias de un contexto laboral son caracteristicas de la práctica profesional. El objeti vo del presente estudio es determinar la existencia del burnout acadé mico y la asociación con variables sociodemográficas en los estudiantes de 5to año de fonoaudiología. Se aplicó un cuestionario a 47 sujetos de internado profesional para recopilar antecedentes personales, académi cos y sociales. Luego, para evaluar el burnout académico, se aplicó el Maslach Burnout Inventory-Student Survey. Los estudiantes evaluados no presentan el síndrome, aunque el factor cansancio emocional se presentó con más altos puntajes. Tampoco existen diferencias entre los puntajes del síndrome para los estudiantes que realizan su práctica en las áreas de Salud y Educación. Las variables explicativas del alto cansancio emocional en este estudio son el sexo masculino, pertenecer a sector urbano y aumento de consumo de taba co. El estudio del BA es importante para tomar medidas preventivas en el transcurso de la vida universitaria para garantizar a futuro el com promiso y mejor desempeño por parte de los estudiantes que realizan su práctica profesional.

Abstract: Students who attend internship of speech language pathology expe rience situations of stress and exhaustion characteristic of this activ ity, being able to present academic burnout, due to the contact with real users, the academic requirement and the own actions of a work context, which are characteristics of the internship. The objective of this study was to determine the existence of academic burnout and its association with sociodemographic variables in the 5th year stu dents of speech language pathology. A questionnaire was applied to 47 intern students in order to gather personal, academic and social backgrounds. After to evaluate the academic burnout, the Maslach Burnout Inventory - Student Survey was applied. The students evaluated did not present the syndrome, although the emotional fatigue factor was presented with higher scores. There are also no differences in the scores of the syndrome for students who did their practice in both health and education setting. The explana tory variables of high emotional fatigue in this study were male sex, belonging to the urban sector and increased tobacco consumption. The BA study is important to take preventive measures over the university life to ensure future commitment and better performance by students who perform their professional practice.

Burnout and nursing work environment in public health institutions / Burnout y el ambiente de trabajo de los enfermeros en instituciones públicas de salud / Burnout e ambiente de trabalho de enfermeiros em instituições públicas de saúde

ABSTRACT Objective: to identify associations between the Burnout domains and the characteristics of the work environment. Method: cross-sectional study with 745 nurses from 40 public health institutions in São Paulo. Nursing Work Index-Revised (NWI-R) and Maslach Burnout Inventory were used. Similar institutions according to NWI-R were grouped by clustering and the Anova and Bonferroni tests were used in the comparative analyzes. Results: there was significant and moderate correlation between emotional exhaustion and autonomy, control over the environment and organizational support; between reduced personal accomplishment, autonomy and organizational support; and between depersonalization and autonomy. The group that presented the worst conditions in the work environment differed on emotional exhaustion from the group with most favorable traits. Conclusion: emotional exhaustion was the trait of Burnout that was more consistently related to the group of institutions with more unfavorable working conditions regarding autonomy, organizational support and control over the environment.

RESUMEN Objetivo: identificar asociaciones entre los dominios de Burnout y las características del ambiente de trabajo. Método: estudio transversal entre 745 enfermeros de 40 instituciones públicas de salud de São Paulo. Se utilizaron, la Escala Adaptada del Entorno de Práctica Enfermera (Nursing Work Index-Revised, NWI-R) y el cuestionario Maslach Burnout Inventory. Se agruparon instituciones semejantes por el método de Cluster, según la NWI-R y se aplicaron las pruebas Anova y Bonferroni en los análisis comparativos. Resultados: hubo correlación significativa y moderada entre agotamiento emocional y autonomía, control sobre el ambiente y soporte organizacional; baja realización personal y autonomía y soporte organizacional; despersonalización y autonomía. El grupo que presentó las peores condiciones de ambiente de trabajo se diferenció del que tuvo los atributos más favorables con relación al agotamiento emocional. Conclusión: el agotamiento emocional fue la característica de Burnout que se relacionó de forma más constante con el grupo de instituciones en condiciones de trabajo más desfavorables respecto a la autonomía, soporte organizacional y control sobre el ambiente.

RESUMO Objetivo: identificar associações entre os domínios do Burnout e as características do ambiente de trabalho. Método: estudo transversal com 745 enfermeiros de 40 instituições públicas de saúde de São Paulo. Nursing Work Index-Revised (NWI-R) e Maslach Burnout Inventory foram utilizados. Instituições semelhantes, segundo NWI-R, foram agrupadas pelo método de Cluster e os testes Anova e Bonferroni foram aplicados nas análises comparativas. Resultados: houve correlação significativa e moderada entre exaustão emocional e autonomia, controle sobre o ambiente e suporte organizacional; baixa realização pessoal e autonomia, e suporte organizacional; despersonalização e autonomia. O grupo que apresentou as piores condições de ambiente de trabalho diferiu do que teve os mais favoráveis atributos quanto à exaustão emocional. Conclusão: a exaustão emocional foi o traço do Burnout que se relacionou de forma mais constante com o grupo de instituições com condições mais desfavoráveis de trabalho quanto à autonomia, suporte organizacional e controle sobre o ambiente.

Satisfacción, salud y estrés laboral del profesorado universitario según su situación contractual / Satisfaction, health and work-related stress of the university professorship according to their contractual status

RESUMEN Objetivo Analizar los efectos de la estabilidad contractual de los profesores universitarios en las dimensiones psicosociales de satisfacción, salud y estrés. Método Estudio descriptivo cuasi-experimental, tomando como muestra a 145 profesores de siete universidades públicas catalanas. El estudio se realizó durante el mes de abril de 2014. Se utilizó como base el cuestionario ISTAS21, versión media, en lengua castellana, del Cuestionario Psicosocial de Copenhaguen. De las 21 escalas incluidas, sólo se han tenido en cuenta las siete escalas relacionadas con los factores evaluados. Se realizaron una serie de análisis de varianza (ANOVA) considerando las puntuaciones obtenidas en las tres dimensiones psicosociales evaluadas como variables dependientes y la estabilidad laboral (permanencia y dedicación laboral) como variable independiente. Resultados Los profesores de tiempo completo con contratos laborales temporales muestran una peor salud física y mental -a pesar de ser el grupo más joven-, mayores síntomas de estrés y una menor satisfacción laboral, en comparación con profesores a tiempo completo y contrato estable; o profesores de tiempo parcial. Conclusiones La estabilidad laboral tiene repercusiones en la salud y calidad de vida laboral de los profesores que se encuentran en situación de inestabilidad, teniendo ello además repercusiones en la docencia y la investigación.(AU)

ABSTRACT Objective There's a lot of literature about teachers' work conditions and the effects of such conditions on them. The goal of this research focuses on the analysis of the effects derived from the type of labour relationship with the University on the psycho-social dimensions of satisfaction, stress and perceived health. Methods Quasi-experimental study on a sample of 145 university professors from the seven public universities from Catalonia (Spain). The data was obtained in April 2014, by means of ISTAS21 questionnaire, intermediate version, in Spanish. From the 21 subscales in the instrument, only seven were used for data-gathering since they encompassed the dimensions of interest. A series of ANOVA analyses were performed, taking the three psycho-social dimensions as dependent variables and work stability and dedication (e.g. full- vs. partial-time) as independent variables. Results Professors with full-time work and unstable contracts showed worse health (both physical and mental) despite being the youngest, as well as larger symptoms of stress and lower job-satisfaction, compared with full-time professors with stable contracts and even compared part-time-jobs professors. Conclusion Job-stability seems to be a central variable in work-quality and health for the professors whose labour situation is unstable, something that influences both their teaching and research quality.(AU)

Burnout and depressive symptoms in intensive care nurses: relationship analysis / Burnout y sintomatología depresiva en enfermeros de terapia intensiva: análisis de relación / Burnout e sintomatologia depressiva em enfermeiros de terapia intensiva: análise de relação

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze the existence of a relationship between burnout and depressive symptoms among intensive care unit nursing staff. Method: A quantitative, descriptive, cross-sectional study with 91 intensive care nurses. Data collection used a sociodemographic questionnaire, the Maslach Burnout Inventory - Human Services Survey, and the Beck Depression Inventory - I. The Pearson test verified the correlation between the burnout dimension score and the total score from the Beck Depression Inventory. Fisher's exact test was used to analyze whether there is an association between the diseases. Results: Burnout was presented by 14.29% of the nurses and 10.98% had symptoms of depression. The higher the level of emotional exhaustion and depersonalization, and the lower professional accomplishment, the greater the depressive symptoms. The association was significant between burnout and depressive symptoms. Conclusion: Nurses with burnout have a greater possibility of triggering depressive symptoms.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Analizar la existencia de relación entre burnout y la sintomatología depresiva en enfermeros de unidad de terapia intensiva. Método: Estudio cuantitativo, descriptivo, transversal, con 91 enfermeros de terapia intensiva. Se utilizó, en la colecta de datos, un cuestionario socio demográfico, el Maslach Burnout Inventory - Human Services Survey, y el Inventario de Depresión de Beck - versión I. El test de Pearson verificó la correlación entre la puntuación de las dimensiones de burnout e la puntuación total del Inventario de Beck. El test Exacto de Fisher fue utilizado para analizar si existe asociación entre las enfermedades. Resultados: Presentaron burnout 14,29% de los enfermeros y 10,98% tenían síntomas de depresión. Cuanto mayor el nivel de agotamiento emocional y despersonalización, y menor la realización profesional, mayor la sintomatología depresiva. La asociación fue significativa entre burnout y la sintomatología depresiva. Conclusión: Los enfermeros con burnout tienen una posibilidad mayor de desencadenar la sintomatología depresiva.

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar a existência de relação entre o burnout e a sintomatologia depressiva em enfermeiros de unidade de terapia intensiva. Método: Estudo quantitativo, descritivo, transversal, com 91 enfermeiros de terapia intensiva. Utilizou-se, na coleta dos dados, um questionário sociodemográfico, o Maslach Burnout Inventory - Human Services Survey, e o Inventário de Depressão de Beck - versão I. O teste de Pearson verificou a correlação entre o escore das dimensões do burnout e o escore total do Inventário de Beck. O teste Exato de Fisher foi utilizado para analisar se existe associação entre as doenças. Resultados: Apresentaram burnout 14,29% dos enfermeiros e 10,98% tinham sintomas de depressão. Quanto maior o nível de exaustão emocional e despersonalização, e menor a realização profissional, maior foi a sintomatologia depressiva. A associação foi significativa entre o burnout e a sintomatologia depressiva. Conclusão: Os enfermeiros com burnout têm uma possibilidade maior de desencadear a sintomatologia depressiva.

Professional exhaustion, quality and intentions among family health nurses / Agotamiento profesional, calidad e intenciones entre enfermeros de salud de la familia / Esgotamento profissional, qualidade e intenções entre enfermeiros de saúde da família

ABSTRACT Objective: to analyze how family health nurses assess quality of care; check if they have any intention of leaving their current job and nursing; estimate prevalence of professional exhaustion; and correlate these variables. Method: cross-sectional and correlational study with 198 nurses. The Maslach Burnout Inventory was applied, as it has questions for characterizing nurses, assessing perception on quality of care and of material and human resources, and verifying intention of leaving current work and nursing. Results: most nurses assess quality of care as good, 28.0% present emotional exhaustion, there is intention of leaving current work and nursing. Conclusions: family health nurses experience professional exhaustion, which in turn presents correlation with decreased quality of care and increased intentions of leaving current work and nursing.

RESUMEN Objetivo: analizar como enfermeros de salud de la familia evalúan la calidad del cuidado; verificar si tienen intención de dejar el trabajo actual y la enfermería; estimar la prevalencia de agotamiento profesional y correlacionar variables. Método: estudio transversal y correlacional con 198 enfermeros. Se utilizó el Maslach Burnout Inventory, cuestiones para caracterizar a los enfermeros, para evaluar percepción sobre la calidad del cuidado y de recursos materiales y humanos, así como para verificar intenciones de dejar el trabajo actual y la enfermería. Resultados: la mayoría de los enfermeros evalúa la calidad del cuidado como buena, el 28,0% presenta agotamiento emocional, con intención de dejar el trabajo actual y la enfermería. Conclusión: enfermeros de salud de la familia experimentan agotamiento profesional que presenta correlación con disminución de la calidad del cuidado y con aumento de las intenciones de dejar el trabajo actual y la enfermería.

RESUMO Objetivo: analisar como enfermeiros de saúde da família avaliam qualidade do cuidado; verificar se têm intenção de deixar o trabalho atual e a enfermagem; estimar prevalência de esgotamento profissional e correlacionar variáveis. Método: estudo transversal e correlacional com 198 enfermeiros. Foi utilizado o Maslach Burnout Inventory, questões para caracterizar os enfermeiros, para avaliar percepção sobre a qualidade do cuidado e de recursos materiais e humanos e para verificar intenções de deixar o trabalho atual e a enfermagem. Resultados: a maioria dos enfermeiros avalia a qualidade do cuidado como boa, 28,0% apresenta exaustão emocional, há intenção de deixar o trabalho atual e a enfermagem. Conclusão: enfermeiros de saúde da família vivenciam esgotamento profissional que apresenta correlação com diminuição da qualidade do cuidado e com aumento das intenções de deixar o trabalho atual e a enfermagem.

Indicators of burnout in Primary Health Care workers / Indicadores de agotamiento profesional en trabajadores de la Atención Primaria de Salud / Indicadores de esgotamento profissional em trabalhadores da Atenção Primária à Saúde

ABSTRACT Objective: to analyze the indicators of burnout peculiar to health workers from units of Primary Health Care. Method: integrative review of the literature structured in the stages: guiding question; search; categorization of studies; assessment; discussion; and interpretation of results, and synthesis of knowledge. Search for original articles and reviews published from 2000 to 2016, in Portuguese, English and Spanish, in the main databases of the health area. Descriptors used: Nursing, Burnout and Primary Health Care. Results: 14 articles met the proposed inclusion criteria, six (42.85%) presented a sample of nurses and eight (57.15%) health professionals. Conclusion: Primary Health Care workers are exhausted due to inadequate working conditions characterized by the lack of human and physical resources that leads to work overload, workplace violence and difficulty with teamwork, despite being satisfied with the work environment.

RESUMEN Objetivo: analizar los indicadores de agotamiento profesional peculiares a los trabajadores de la salud de unidades de la Atención Primaria de Salud. Método: la revisión integrativa de la literatura fue estructurada en las etapas: cuestión orientadora; buscar; categorización de los estudios; evaluación; discusión; e interpretación de los resultados y síntesis del conocimiento. Busca artículos originales y revisiones publicadas desde 2000 hasta 2016, en portugués, Inglés y Español, las principales bases de la salud. Descriptores usados: Enfermería, Agotamiento Profesional y Atención Primaria de Salud. Resultados: 14 artículos atendieron a los criterios de inclusión propuestos, seis (42,85%) presentan muestra de enfermeros y ocho (57,15%) profesionales de la salud. Conclusión: los trabajadores de la salud de la Atención Primaria de Salud se encuentran agotados debido a las inadecuadas condiciones de trabajo caracterizadas por escasez de recursos humanos y físicos que llevan a la sobrecarga de trabajo, a la violencia en el ambiente de trabajo y dificultad en el trabajo en equipo, presentarse satisfechos con el entorno de trabajo.

RESUMO Objetivo: analisar os indicadores de esgotamento profissional peculiares aos trabalhadores de saúde de unidades da Atenção Primária à Saúde. Método: revisão integrativa da literatura estruturada nas etapas: questão norteadora; busca; categorização dos estudos; avaliação; discussão; e interpretação dos resultados e síntese do conhecimento. Busca a artigos originais e revisões publicadas de 2000 a 2016, em português, inglês e espanhol, nas principais bases da área da saúde. Descritores usados: Enfermagem, Esgotamento Profissional e Atenção Primária à Saúde. Resultados: 14 artigos atenderam aos critérios de inclusão propostos, seis (42,85%) apresentam amostra de enfermeiros e oito (57,15%) profissionais da saúde. Conclusão: os trabalhadores de saúde da Atenção Primária à Saúde apresentam-se esgotados, devido às inadequadas condições de trabalho caracterizadas por escassez de recursos humanos e físicos que leva a sobrecarga de trabalho, a violência no ambiente de trabalho e dificuldade no trabalho em equipe, apesar de apresentarem satisfeitos com o ambiente de trabalho.

Patient safety and nursing: interface with stress and Burnout Syndrome / Seguridad del paciente y enfermería: interfaz con estrés y Síndrome de Burnout / Segurança do paciente e enfermagem: interface com estresse e Síndrome de Burnout

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze studies on stress, Burnout Syndrome, and patient safety in the scope of nursing care in the hospital environment. Method: This was an integrative literature review. Data collection was performed in February 2016 in the following databases: Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online - PubMed/MEDLINE, Latin American and Caribbean Literature in Health Sciences - LILACS. Results: Ten scientific productions were selected, which listed that factors contributing to stress and Burnout Syndrome of nursing professionals are the work environment as a source of stress, and excessive workload as a source of failures. Conclusion: The analysis found that the stress and Burnout Syndrome experienced by these professionals lead to greater vulnerability and development of unsafe care, and factors such as lack of organizational support can contribute to prevent these failures.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Analizar estudios que versan sobre el estrés y el Síndrome de Burnout, así como la seguridad del paciente en el ámbito de la asistencia de enfermería en el ambiente hospitalario. Método: Se trata de una revisión integrativa de la literatura. El levantamiento de los datos se efectuó en febrero de 2016 en las bases de datos del Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online - PubMed / MEDLINE y Literatura Latinoamericana y del Caribe en Ciencias de la Salud -LILACS. Resultados: Se seleccionaron diez producciones científicas que apuntaron que los factores que contribuyen con el estrés y el Síndrome de Burnout de los profesionales de enfermería son el ambiente de trabajo como fuente de estrés y la carga de trabajo excesiva como generadora de fallas. Conclusión: El análisis apuntó que el estrés y el Síndrome de Burnout vivido por esos profesionales acarrean una mayor vulnerabilidad al desarrollo de una asistencia insegura y que factores como la falta de apoyo organizacional pueden contribuir a impedir esas fallas.

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar estudos que versam sobre o estresse e Síndrome de Burnout, bem como a segurança do paciente no âmbito da assistência de enfermagem no ambiente hospitalar. Método: Tratou-se de uma revisão integrativa de literatura. O levantamento dos dados foi efetuado nas bases de dados Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online - PubMed / MEDLINE, Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde -LILACS em fevereiro de 2016. Resultados: Foram selecionadas10 produções científicas que apontaram que os fatores que contribuem para o estresse e a Síndrome de Burnout dos profissionais de enfermagem são o ambiente de trabalho como fonte de estresse e a carga de trabalho excessiva como geradora de falhas. Conclusão: A análise apontou que o estresse e a Síndrome de Burnout vivenciada por esses profissionais acarretam maior vulnerabilidade ao desenvolvimento de uma assistência insegura e que fatores como a falta de apoio organizacional podem contribuir para dirimir essas falhas.

El agotamiento emocional está asociado con factores estresantes relacionados con el trabajo: Estudio multicéntrico y transversal en hospitales públicos de Malasia / Emotional exhaustion is associated with work related stressors: a cross-sectional multicenter study in Malaysian public hospitals

Introducción. El agotamiento emocional es un componente importante del síndrome de burnout (desgaste profesional). El burnout es común entre los médicos. Afecta su salud física y mental, su rendimiento y la calidad de la atención que brindan. Este estudio tuvo como propósito investigar el nivel y los factores asociados con el agotamiento emocional en los médicos pediatras, en Malasia. Población y métodos. Eneste estudiomulticéntrico y transversal se utilizó un cuestionario autoadministrado, que incluía preguntas acerca de las características sociodemográficas y laborales, el agotamiento emocional, la escala de estrés percibido y las fuentes laborales de estrés. Con el software SPSS, se llevaron a cabo análisis descriptivos, univariantes y multivariantes. Resultados. Un total de 197 médicos de los departamentos de pediatría de ocho hospitales respondieron el cuestionario. El 25,4% y el 24,4% de los médicos informaron, respectivamente, agotamiento emocional alto y moderado. En el análisis bivariante, 29 de las 38 opciones correspondientes a fuentes de estrés mostraron una asociación importante con el agotamiento emocional (p < 0,05). En el análisis multivariante, los predictores importantes de agotamiento emocional fueron: puntajes más altos en la escala del estrés percibido, abordaje de problemas psicosociales de los pacientes, falta de cortesía en las interacciones con colegas/subordinados, falta de reconocimiento de parte de los superiores, falta de incentivos y promociones, trabajo bajo presión del tiempo y necesidad de cumplir con los plazos, y establecimiento de metas inaccesibles o autoimposición de ese tipo de metas (p < 0,05). La fuente de estrés mencionada con mayor frecuencia fue el trato con padres difíciles (80,2%). Conclusiones. El agotamiento emocional está asociado con fuentes de estrés en el entorno laboral pero no con factores sociodemográficos.

Introduction. Emotional exhaustion is an important component of burnout. Burnout is common among doctors. It affects the physical and mental health of doctors, their performance and the quality of care they provide. This study aimed to investigate the level and factors associated with emotional exhaustion among doctors in pediatric practice in Malaysia. Population and methods. A self-administered questionnaire was used in this multicenter cross-sectional study. It included questions on the socio-demographics, work characteristics, Emotional Exhaustion, Perceived Stress Scale and sources of job stress. Descriptive, univariate and multivariate analysis were conducted using the SPSS software. Results. A total of 197 doctors working in the Pediatric department in eight hospitals returned complete questionnaire. High and moderate emotional exhaustion was reported by 25.4% and 24.4% doctors, respectively. In bivariate analysis, 29 out of the 38 items of sources of stress showed significant association with emotional exhaustion (p <0.05).The significant predictors of emotional exhaustion in the multivariate analysis were: scoring higher on the Perceived Stress Score, dealing with patient's psychosocial problems, disrespectful interactions with colleagues/subordinates, lack of appreciation from supervisors, lack of incentives and promotions, time pressures and deadlines to meet, and setting unrealistic goals of having them imposed on oneself (p <0.05). The most common source of stress was dealing with difficult parents (80.2%). Conclusions. Emotional exhaustion is associated with sources of stress in the workplace but not with socio-demographic factors.

Factors associated with burnout syndrome in medical residents of a university hospital / Fatores associados à síndrome de burnout em médicos residentes de um hospital universitário

Summary Objective: To determine the prevalence of burnout syndrome among resident physicians of various specialties and to evaluate associated factors. Method: The Maslach Burnout Inventory questionnaire and a sociodemographic questionnaire were used to evaluate factors associated with the syndrome. Burnout was defined as the association of high emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and low professional achievement. Multivariate analysis was performed after adjustment of the Poisson model with the identification of risk factors and calculation of prevalence ratios (PR). Of the 250 resident physicians registered with Hospital das Clínicas of Pernambuco, 129 participated in the study. Results: In the three domains that characterize burnout syndrome, we found a low level of professional achievement in 94.6% of resident physicians interviewed, a high level of depersonalization in 31.8%, and 59.7% with a high level of emotional exhaustion. The prevalence of burnout was 27.9%. Having suffered a stressful event in the last six months (PR: 8.10; 95CI 1.2-57.2) and being a student of surgical specialty (PR: 1.99; 95CI 1.2-3.3) were independently associated with burnout. Conclusion: The prevalence of burnout found in resident physicians is in accordance with previous Brazilian studies. Residents of surgical specialties and those who suffered some stressful event were identified as susceptible in this study. The early identification of risk factors is fundamental for the implementation of preventive measures against burnout syndrome.

Resumo Objetivo: Determinar a prevalência da síndrome de burnout entre médicos residentes de várias especialidades e avaliar os fatores associados. Método: Foram aplicados o questionário Maslach Burnout Inventory e um questionário sócio-demográfico para avaliar fatores associados à síndrome. Burnout foi definido pela associação de alto desgaste emocional e despersonalização e baixa realização profissional. Análise multivariada foi realizada por meio do ajuste do modelo de Poisson com a identificação dos fatores de risco e calculadas as razões de prevalência (RP). Dos 250 médicos residentes cadastrados no Hospital das Clínicas de Pernambuco, 129 participaram do estudo. Resultados: Nos três domínios que caracterizam a síndrome de burnout, encontramos um baixo nível de realização profissional em 94,6% dos médicos residentes entrevistados, alto nível de despersonalização em 31,8% e 59,7% com alto nível de desgaste emocional. A prevalência de burnout encontrada foi de 27,9%. Ter sofrido evento estressante nos seis meses anteriores (RP: 8,10; IC 95% 1,2-57,2) e cursar especialidade cirúrgica (RP: 1,99; IC 95% 1,2-3,3) estiveram associados de forma independente ao burnout. Conclusão: A prevalência de burnout encontrada em médicos residentes está de acordo com estudos brasileiros prévios. Residentes de especialidades cirúrgicas e aqueles que sofreram evento estressor foram identificados como susceptíveis neste estudo. A identificação precoce dos fatores de risco é fundamental para a implementação de medidas preventivas para o não desenvolvimento da síndrome.

Burnout syndrome in health-care professionals in a university hospital

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate professional achievement and factors associated with occupational burnout among health professionals. METHODS: An institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted on 436 healthcare providers, consisting of 101 nurses, 81 doctors and 254 nursing technicians, all meeting pre-established inclusion criteria. Occupational burnout was detected using the Maslach occupational burnout inventory tool. Data were collected by self-administered questionnaires comprising questions concerning socio-demographics, education and training, and the Maslach occupational burnout inventory was used to identify levels of emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and professional achievement. RESULTS: Emotional exhaustion was associated with education level and work place for nursing technicians. Depersonalization was associated with gender in nursing technicians. For nurses, depersonalization showed a significant association with education level, whereas this factor was associated with number of jobs for doctors. Lower levels of professional achievement were observed for unspecialized doctors compared to those with further training. Higher levels of professional achievement were associated with professionals with postgraduate training compared to those without. CONCLUSIONS: High levels of emotional exhaustion were found in professionals from the maternity unit as well as in professionals with lower educational levels. Depersonalization was higher in physicians with several jobs and in female nurses. Low professional achievement was found in unspecialized doctors, while high professional achievement was associated with postgraduate training.

Relación entre apoyo en duelo y el síndrome de burnout en profesionales y técnicos de la salud infantil / Relationship between grief support and burnout syndrome in professionals and technicians of pediatric health

Conocer la presencia de Burnout y de apoyo en duelo de profesionales de la salud en unidades de oncología y cuidados intensivos pediátricos de hospitales públicos chilenos. Sujetos y Método: Diseño trasversal de tipo descriptivo correlacional. Auto aplicación de los instrumentos Maslach Burnout Inventory y Grief Support Health Care Scale en 210 profesionales y técnicos. Para el análisis de comparación de medias se usó la prueba de t-student y para la comparación entre las variables, las correlaciones de Pearson y Spearman, considerando un nivel de significancia del 5%. Resultados: El 4% de los participantes presentaron Burnout y el 71%, estaba en riesgo de padecerlo. El 52% presentó alto nivel de percepción de apoyo en duelo, en especial en mujeres y personal de oncología. Al correlacionar el apoyo en duelo y el Burnout, los datos sugirieron que tanto el reconocimiento del vínculo como de la pérdida tras la muerte de un paciente, disminuye la despersonalización del profesional y mejora su realización personal. Conclusión: Los profesionales de unidades de alta complejidad pediátrica presentan alto riesgo de padecer Burnout, por un mayor cansancio emocional y baja realización personal. Sin embargo, una mayor percepción de reconocimiento y apoyo en sus duelos, es un factor que puede disminuir dicho riesgo. Por lo que se requiere de programas de intervención continua dentro de las unidades, con estrategias concretas de acompañamiento, trabajo en equipo y rituales de duelo.

Detect the presence of Burnout and bereavement support of health professionals in oncology and pediatric intensive care units in Chilean public hospitals. Subjects and Method: Transversal design of descriptive correlational type. Auto-evaluation using the Maslach Burnout Inventory and Grief Support Health Care Scale instruments in 210 professionals and technicians. For the analysis of a means comparison, the t-student test was used and for the comparison between the variables, the correlations of Pearson and Spearman were used, considering a level of significance of 5%. Results: 4% of the participants presented with Burnout and 71% were at risk of suffering it. 52% had a high level of perception of bereavement support, especially in women and oncology personnel. When correlating support in bereavement and Burnout, the data suggests that both the recognition of the bond, as well as the loss after death of a patient, helps decrease the depersonalization of the professional and improves their personal fulfillment. Conclusion: Professionals in areas of high pediatric complexity are at high risk of Burnout, due to greater emotional exhaustion and low personal accomplishment. However, a greater perception of recognition and support in their bereavement is a factor that can reduce that risk. Therefore, continuous intervention programs are required within these units, with concrete strategies for accompaniment, teamwork and mourning rituals.